Lecture 4

Reminders

• Project 1 description coming soon (probably end of this week)
• Project 1 due Fri Sep 17

Types we've seen

We've seen a few types so far:

• int (integer), e.g. 260
• float (floating point number), e.g. 260.0
• str (string), e.g. "260"
• We'll have more to say about strings soon!
• complex

Boolean

There is a type in Python called a boolean or bool that has only two possible values:

• True
• False

These values are Python keywords.

(Boolean variables are also used in mathematics and CS, and most programming languages support them in some way.)

Boolean expressions

Boolean values in Python programs are usually produced by operators such as:

Examples of boolean expressions:

2 > 5          # False

11 == 9 + 2    # True

score >= 85.0  # True or False, depending on score

You can assign variables to boolean expressions:

x = 4>5   # Make bool variable x storing False

account_lockout = failed_logins >= 3
# now account_lockout is True or False depending on the value
# of failed_logins

Control flow

So far, the programs we've written are executed line by line, starting from the top and moving down.

Most programs need to also make decisions, e.g. to say that something should happen only if certain criteria are met.

This is what conditionals do. They say that a certain section of code should only run if a boolean expression evaluates to True.

Conditionals

if boolean expression:
    indented line 1
    indented line 2
    ...
non-indented line

The indented lines below the if form a code block.

If the boolean is True, the indented block runs.

If the boolean is False, the indented block is skipped.

(Recommended to use four spaces to indent a block.)

Example program

Let's write a program that will tell the user whether a quadratic polynomial $$a x^2 + bx + c$$ is a perfect square or not.

else

An $\texttt{if}$ statement can be followed by $\texttt{else:}$ and a code block to be executed if the condition is False.

if x == 100:
    print("x is equal to 100")
else:
    print("x is NOT equal to 100")

This is useful for handling dichotomies.

elif

An $\texttt{if}$ statement can also be followed by $\texttt{elif}$ (for "else if"), which begins a new conditional.

if height_cm >= 120:
    print("you can ride the roller coaster")
elif height_cm >= 100:
    print("you can only ride if accompanied by an adult")
else:
    print("you are not allowed to ride the roller coaster")

A chain of $\texttt{if}/\texttt{elif}/\texttt{elif}/...$ is the typical way to compare a variable to multiple values or categories.

Quadratic roots

Let's modify our perfect square program to tell us how many real roots a quadratic polynomial has.

Boolean algebra

Question

What happens if you use a non-boolean value in a conditional? e.g.

if "walrus":
   print("Will this statement execute or not?")

Answer: The value will first be converted to boolean.

Boolean coercion

A few values convert to False (are "falsy"):

• Zero in any numeric type (0, 0.0, 0j)
• The empty string ""
• None (TBD)
• Empty containers like lists and tuples (TBD)

Anything else converts to True.

if x != 0:
    print("x is nonzero")

does exactly the same thing as

if x:
    print("x is nonzero")