Lecture 6

For and While Loops

MCS 260 Fall 2021
Emily Dumas

Reminders

• No class Monday
• Homework 1 scores & Worksheet 2 solutions posted
• Homework 2 available, due next Wed at 10am (schedule change due to Labor day)
• Homework 2 autograder only checks syntax, and is only advisory (no points). Actual grading will be manual.

while loops

The syntax

while condition:
    statement
    statement
    

will repeatedly do the following:

1. Evaluate condition; if False, skip the rest of this list and move on. Otherwise,
2. Execute the statements in the block.
3. Return to the first step.

Called a loop because it returns to a previous line.

The code block following a while is called the body of the loop.

Most while loops will change a variable in the body, affecting the condition.

        n = 1
        while n <= 5:
            print(n)
            n = n + 1
        print("All done.")
    

This prints the numbers from 1 to 5.

Flow of execution

Infinite loops

It's possible to write a while loop that will never end, e.g.

        n = 1
        while n <= 5:
            print("ESB is the best Star Wars film")
    

Such accidental infinite loops cause a program to appear to be stuck.

Control-C will interrupt and exit a stuck Python program.

For loops

The syntax

for varname in container:
    statement
    statement
    

can be used with any sequence as container.

It takes an item from container, assigns it to the variable varname, runs the loop body, and then repeats the whole process until each element of container has been used exactly once.

Example

Let's write a program that will read a string from the user and classify each character into one of the categories:

• digit (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)
• space ( )
• other (e.g. A-Z,a-z,...)

Exiting a loop

Sometimes it is helpful to exit a loop before it would end on its own, or from the middle of the body.

The break statement does this. When it executes, the immediate surrounding loop stops and control goes to the first statement after that loop.

        n=1
        while True:
            n = n + 1
            if n > 9:
                break
        print(n)
    

iterables

Besides lists and strings, some other containers are allowed in for loops.

A thing allowed in a for loop is called an iterable.

Some iterables generate their items one by one, rather than computing everything in advance.

range

$\texttt{range(N)}$ is an iterable that generates the integers from $0$ to $N-1$.

        for n in range(10):
            print(n+1)
    

The following is slow, as it creates a list of 50 million items:

        L = list(range(50_000_000))
        for x in L:
            # do stuff with x
            # possibly exit the loop early
    

Better way:

        for x in range(50_000_000):
            print(x)
            if x > 10:
                break
    

This is very fast (only 12 items generated).

Enumerated iteration

What if you need the index during a for loop?

This method works, but is not recommended:

        L = [9,8,2,4,1,1,5]
        for i in range(len(L)):
            print("At index",i,"we have item",L[i])
    

Another way:

Use an extra index variable, increment it manually.

    L = [9,8,2,4,1,1,5]
    i = 0
    for x in L:
        print("At index",i,"we have item",x)
        i = i + 1

Best way:

Use the $\texttt{enumerate()}$ function. It turns a sequence like $\texttt{[7,6,5]}$ into an enumerated sequence $\texttt{[ (0,7), (1,6), (2,5) ]}$.

        L = [9,8,2,4,1,1,5]
        for i,x in enumerate(L):
            print("At index",i,"we have item",x)
    

Avoid range(len())

When you see

        for i in range(len(L)):    # not recommended!
            # do stuff with L[i]
    

in Python code, it should usually be replaced with

        for x in L:
            # do stuff with x
    

        for i,x in enumerate(L):
            # do stuff with x and/or i
    

For and while loops allow you to write programs that process a collection of data / events / etc.

If/elif/else allow processing to be customized to the data.

Together these constructs give a lot of control over program execution.